LIS

Lisbon (LIS) direct flights: all 131 nonstop routes, measured

Q: How many direct flights does Lisbon have?

Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport currently has nonstop service to 131 destinations on 59 airlines, based on flights observed on the airport's own boards over the last 14 days. 125 of those routes operate in both directions.

Q: Which direct route from Lisbon is most reliable?

Among routes with at least 20 observed legs in the last 90 days, Philadelphia (PHL) runs cleanest: 75% of flights within 15 minutes of schedule with a 1.1% cancellation rate.

Q: Which airline flies the most nonstop routes from Lisbon?

TAP Air Portugal appears on 84 of the 131 nonstop routes we observed at LIS. The airline column in the route ledger lists every carrier observed on each route.

Q: Where does this data come from?

From Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport's own departure and arrival boards, recorded continuously by Pro Flight Search. Reliability figures cover the last 90 days; the route list covers the last 14 days of observed service.

live · updated 35m ago

OPS Watch · 52,675 legs measured · last 90 days · 4 routes outbound only · 2 routes inbound only

131 nonstop destinations from Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport, flown by 59 airlines. 125 of them also fly back in.

Measured from flights observed on Lisbon’s own departure and arrival boards over the last 14 days. Every route below carries its observed weekly frequency, and 124 routes with enough history show how reliably they actually run: on-time share and cancellation rate from the last 90 days. Right now departures are +22 min.

Departures board → Arrivals board → Delays & weather at LIS → Wikipedia ↗ Official site ↗

Busiest routeMadrid MAD · about 254 movements a week, Air Europa, Iberia, Ryanair3,266 legs observed

Most reliablePhiladelphia PHL · 75% on time, 1.1% cancelled180 legs

Roughest rideNaples APF · 17% on time, 0% cancelled54 legs

All LIS nonstop destinations, ranked by weekly flights

One row per destination, both directions merged. On time means within 15 minutes of schedule; cancelled is the share of observed legs that never went. Routes with fewer than 20 observed legs show their leg count instead of a shaky number.

MADMadrid⇆ Air Europa · Iberia · Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 254/wk 49%on time 0.2%cancelled

Schedule

Air Europa departs UX1152 07:40UX1150 11:35UX1156 16:05UX1160 20:05

Iberia departs IB540 06:35IB530 08:25IB532 12:30IB1144 16:45IB536 19:05IB1146 20:45

Ryanair departs FR9441 22:40

TAP Air Portugal departs TP1010 07:45TP1010 07:50TP1012 10:20TP1014 13:00TP1016 14:40TP1018 16:50TP1022 22:00

Air Europa arrives UX1159 06:50UX1153 10:45UX1155 15:15UX1157 19:15

Iberia arrives IB529 07:45IB531 11:50IB1143 16:05IB535 18:25IB1145 20:05IB539 23:25

Ryanair arrives FR9440 22:15

TAP Air Portugal arrives TP1023 08:05TP1011 11:30TP1013 14:05TP1015 16:45TP1019 20:35TP1021 22:50

FNCFunchal⇆ Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 181/wk 64%on time 0.6%cancelled

Schedule

Ryanair departs FR88 06:30FR385 22:00

TAP Air Portugal departs TP1687 09:50TP1689 11:25TP3831 13:45TP1691 16:45TP9013 17:30TP1693 19:10TP1693 19:15TP3833 21:30TP1695 22:20TP1697 23:40

Ryanair arrives FR89 10:30FR384 20:45

TAP Air Portugal arrives TP9020 00:00TP1696 06:05TP1698 07:35TP3832 10:00TP1686 11:10TP1688 14:25TP1690 16:00TP1690 16:10TP1690 16:15TP1692 21:10TP1692 21:20TP1694 23:40TP3834 23:45

ORYParis⇆ TAP Air Portugal · Transavia France 175/wk 44%on time 0.4%cancelled

Schedule

TAP Air Portugal departs TP428 05:55TP430 07:35TP432 10:15TP434 12:25TP436 15:25TP438 16:50TP440 18:10TP442 19:35

Transavia France departs TO7669 06:00TO7665 06:00TO7669 06:30TO7665 06:30TO7641 09:35TO7641 09:40TO7659 12:40TO7645 13:35TO7645 14:15TO7659 17:40TO7647 17:40TO7649 18:45TO7649 19:05TO7647 19:05TO7649 19:10

TAP Air Portugal arrives TP441 07:35TP443 09:15TP429 11:55TP431 13:35TP433 16:15TP435 18:20TP437 21:20TP439 22:50

Transavia France arrives TO7640 08:55TO7640 09:00TO7658 12:00TO7644 12:50TO7644 13:30TO7646 17:00TO7658 17:00TO7648 18:05TO7646 18:25TO7648 18:25TO7648 18:30TO7664 22:30TO7668 23:05

BCNBarcelona⇆ Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal · Vueling 174/wk 44%on time 0.6%cancelled

Schedule

Ryanair departs FR3079 19:10

TAP Air Portugal departs TP1030 07:40TP1032 11:05TP1034 14:00TP1036 16:30TP1038 18:50TP1038 18:55TP1038 19:00TP1040 22:35

Vueling departs VY8461 09:10VY8469 17:45VY8459 19:05VY8463 21:15VY8465 22:10

TAP Air Portugal arrives TP1041 06:55TP1041 07:00TP1031 12:25TP1033 16:00TP1035 18:45TP1037 21:20TP1039 23:40

Vueling arrives VY8460 08:30VY8466 13:20VY8468 17:10VY8458 18:25VY8462 20:35VY8464 21:30

LHRLondon⇆ British Airways · TAP Air Portugal 146/wk 45%on time 1.2%cancelled

Schedule

British Airways departs BA509 07:10BA509 07:20BA501 11:00BA501 11:05BA503 15:00BA505 16:25BA505 16:30BA505 17:10BA507 18:45BA507 18:55

TAP Air Portugal departs TP1356 07:35TP3258 08:40TP1352 10:00TP1368 12:50TP1364 16:05TP1364 16:10TP2910 16:10TP2912 16:40TP1358 19:15TP1366 20:10

British Airways arrives BA500 10:05BA502 14:10BA504 15:35BA504 15:40BA506 17:55BA508 23:05BA508 23:10BA508 23:15

TAP Air Portugal arrives TP1363 08:45TP1363 08:50TP1351 10:50TP2679 11:55TP3259 16:00TP1359 16:35TP1361 19:25TP1357 21:35TP1369 22:40TP2911 23:00TP2913 23:20

OPOPorto⇆ TAP Air Portugal 135/wk 52%on time 0.7%cancelled

Schedule

TAP Air Portugal departs TP1920 06:50TP1920 06:55TP1920 07:00TP1922 08:00TP1924 09:00TP1924 09:05TP1926 09:30TP1926 10:00TP1928 14:00TP1930 16:00TP3960 16:15TP1932 18:00TP1934 19:30TP1936 22:00TP1938 23:45

TAP Air Portugal arrives TP1937 06:05TP1941 06:55TP1939 08:00TP1921 09:55TP1923 11:00TP1925 12:00TP1927 12:55TP3961 13:25TP1929 17:00TP1929 17:15TP1931 19:00TP1931 19:05TP1933 22:15TP1935 23:15TP1935 23:20TP1935 23:25

AMSAmsterdam⇆ EuroAtlantic Airways · KLM · TAP Air Portugal · Transavia 126/wk 38%on time 2%cancelled

Schedule

EuroAtlantic Airways departs YU102 13:05

KLM departs KL1578 05:00KL1580 11:55KL1584 15:35KL1586 19:45

TAP Air Portugal departs TP668 08:40TP668 08:45TP670 12:30TP672 14:35TP674 18:15

Transavia departs HV5954 10:25HV5956 12:00HV5956 19:15HV5952 19:30HV5960 20:00HV5956 20:35

KLM arrives KL1579 10:55KL1583 14:35KL1585 18:45KL1587 22:50

TAP Air Portugal arrives TP675 09:10TP669 16:00TP671 19:35TP673 21:50

Transavia arrives HV5953 09:35HV5955 11:10HV5955 18:25HV5951 18:40HV5959 19:10HV5955 19:45

PDLPonta Delgada⇆ Azores Airlines · TAP Air Portugal 116/wk 44%on time 0.9%cancelled

Schedule

Azores Airlines departs S4121 06:00S4123 12:35S4125 14:10S41129 17:30S4127 19:25S4129 22:10

TAP Air Portugal departs TP1859 08:15TP1861 13:05TP1863 17:20TP1865 22:15

Azores Airlines arrives S4128 01:05S41126 09:30S4120 11:40S4122 13:05S4124 18:30S4126 23:15

TAP Air Portugal arrives TP1866 09:50TP1860 14:05TP1862 19:00TP1864 23:00

FCORome⇆ Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal · Wizz Air Malta 102/wk 45%on time 0.2%cancelled

Schedule

Ryanair departs FR8197 08:45

TAP Air Portugal departs TP830 06:20TP832 08:35TP834 12:45TP836 15:00TP836 15:05TP838 20:15

Wizz Air Malta departs W46220 21:15

Ryanair arrives FR8196 08:20FR9903 21:50

TAP Air Portugal arrives TP839 08:05TP831 13:20TP833 15:45TP835 19:50TP835 19:55TP837 22:10

Wizz Air Malta arrives W46219 20:35

ZRHZurich⇆ Swiss International Air Lines · TAP Air Portugal 87/wk 35%on time 0.6%cancelled

Schedule

Swiss International Air Lines departs LX2083 05:55LX2087 12:05LX2085 15:50

TAP Air Portugal departs TP930 08:35TP932 13:25TP934 18:40

Swiss International Air Lines arrives LX2086 11:15LX2084 14:45LX2082 23:25

TAP Air Portugal arrives TP935 08:20TP931 15:15TP933 20:05

GVAGeneva⇆ Swiss International Air Lines · TAP Air Portugal 84/wk 44%on time 0.5%cancelled

Schedule

Swiss International Air Lines departs LX2093 14:30

TAP Air Portugal departs TP940 08:45TP942 14:05TP944 19:50

Swiss International Air Lines arrives LX2092 13:45

TAP Air Portugal arrives TP945 07:45TP941 14:40TP943 20:00

BRUBrussels⇆ Brussels Airlines · TAP Air Portugal 80/wk 42%on time 0.4%cancelled

Schedule

Brussels Airlines departs SN3816 12:00SN3820 19:55

TAP Air Portugal departs TP640 07:10TP642 11:15TP642 11:20TP644 16:15TP646 20:05

Brussels Airlines arrives SN3815 11:10SN3819 19:00

TAP Air Portugal arrives TP647 07:50TP641 13:45TP643 17:50TP645 22:50

DUBDublin⇆ Aer Lingus · Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 75/wk 51%on time 0.4%cancelled

MXPMilan⇆ TAP Air Portugal 74/wk 44%on time 1.7%cancelled

CDGParis⇆ Air France 68/wk 50%on time 0.7%cancelled

MUCMunich⇆ Lufthansa · TAP Air Portugal 66/wk 40%on time 0.4%cancelled

LGWLondon⇆ TAP Air Portugal 56/wk 41%on time 1.7%cancelled

GRUSão Paulo⇆ LATAM Brasil · TAP Air Portugal 55/wk 56%on time 0.4%cancelled

BERBerlin⇆ Eurowings · Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 49/wk 44%on time 0%cancelled

STNLondon⇆ Ryanair · Ryanair UK 48/wk 41%on time 0%cancelled

YYZToronto⇆ Air Canada Jetz · Air Transat · TAP Air Portugal 47/wk 49%on time 0.7%cancelled

TERPraia da Vitória⇆ Azores Airlines · TAP Air Portugal 45/wk 56%on time 0.7%cancelled

MANManchester⇆ Ryanair · Ryanair UK · TAP Air Portugal 43/wk 42%on time 0.4%cancelled

AGPMálaga⇆ Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 42/wk 48%on time 0.9%cancelled

BOSBoston⇆ Delta Air Lines · TAP Air Portugal 42/wk 47%on time 3.3%cancelled

IADWashington⇆ TAP Air Portugal · United Airlines 42/wk 43%on time 0.9%cancelled

ISTIstanbul⇆ Turkish Airlines 42/wk 60%on time 0.4%cancelled

LUXLuxembourg⇆ Luxair · Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 41/wk 46%on time 0%cancelled

EWRNew York⇆ TAP Air Portugal · United Airlines 41/wk 39%on time 0.6%cancelled

VLCValencia⇆ Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 41/wk 45%on time 0.6%cancelled

LYSColombier-Saugnieu⇆ TAP Air Portugal 40/wk 50%on time 1%cancelled

NCENice⇆ TAP Air Portugal 40/wk 36%on time 0.4%cancelled

TLSToulouse/Blagnac⇆ Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 39/wk 48%on time 0.4%cancelled

FAOFaro⇆ TAP Air Portugal 39/wk 59%on time 0%cancelled

PMIPalma de Mallorca⇆ TAP Air Portugal · Vueling 38/wk 49%on time 0.6%cancelled

CPHCopenhagen⇆ Norwegian · Scandinavian Airlines · TAP Air Portugal 37/wk 41%on time 0.4%cancelled

DUSDüsseldorf⇆ Eurowings · TAP Air Portugal 37/wk 39%on time 0.2%cancelled

RAIPraia⇆ Cabo Verde Airlines · TAP Air Portugal 37/wk 48%on time 0%cancelled

ATHAthens⇆ Aegean Airlines · SKY EXPRESS · TAP Air Portugal 36/wk 63%on time 0%cancelled

RAKMarrakesh→ easyJet · Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 33/wk 54%on time 0%cancelled

YULMontréal⇆ Air Canada Jetz · Air Transat · TAP Air Portugal 33/wk 42%on time 1.2%cancelled

CMNCasablanca⇆ Ad Astral Aviation · TAP Air Portugal 33/wk 48%on time 0%cancelled

HAMHamburg⇆ Eurowings · TAP Air Portugal 33/wk 48%on time 0%cancelled

WAWWarsaw⇆ LOT Polish Airlines · TAP Air Portugal · Wizz Air 30/wk 42%on time 0.5%cancelled

VCEVenezia⇆ Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 30/wk 36%on time 0%cancelled

JFKNew York⇆ Delta Air Lines · TAP Air Portugal 28/wk 38%on time 0.6%cancelled

SIDEspargos⇆ TAP Air Portugal · Cabo Verde Airlines 28/wk 59%on time 0%cancelled

VIEVienna⇆ Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 28/wk 34%on time 0%cancelled

DXBDubai⇆ Emirates 28/wk 53%on time 0%cancelled

GIGRio De Janeiro⇆ Gol Transportes Aéreos · TAP Air Portugal 27/wk 65%on time 2.9%cancelled

IBZIbiza⇆ TAP Air Portugal · Vueling 27/wk 50%on time 0%cancelled

BIOBilbao⇆ TAP Air Portugal · Vueling 25/wk 50%on time 0%cancelled

BGYOrio al Serio⇆ Ryanair 25/wk 50%on time 0%cancelled

CRLCharleroi⇆ Ryanair 24/wk 52%on time 0%cancelled

VCPCampinas⇆ AZUL LINHAS AEREAS 24/wk 52%on time 2.2%cancelled

BLQBologna⇆ Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 23/wk 38%on time 0%cancelled

PXOVila Baleira⇆ TAP Air Portugal 23/wk 46%on time 0%cancelled

BUDBudapest⇆ Ryanair · Wizz Air 22/wk 45%on time 0%cancelled

RECRecife⇆ TAP Air Portugal 22/wk 51%on time 0.7%cancelled

ARNStockholm⇆ Norwegian · TAP Air Portugal 21/wk 38%on time 0.4%cancelled

MIAMiami⇆ TAP Air Portugal 21/wk 47%on time 0.4%cancelled

NTENantes⇆ Transavia France 21/wk 51%on time 0.7%cancelled

ALCAlicante⇆ Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 20/wk 47%on time 0%cancelled

CGNKöln⇆ Eurowings · Ryanair 20/wk 47%on time 0%cancelled

EINEindhoven⇆ Ryanair · Transavia 20/wk 49%on time 0%cancelled

HORHorta⇆ Azores Airlines 20/wk 41%on time 1.9%cancelled

OSLOslo⇆ Norwegian · TAP Air Portugal 19/wk 36%on time 0%cancelled

VXESão Pedro⇆ Cabo Verde Airlines · TAP Air Portugal 19/wk 50%on time 0.4%cancelled

PRGPrague⇆ TAP Air Portugal 18/wk 41%on time 0%cancelled

HELHelsinki⇆ Finnair 15/wk 52%on time 0.5%cancelled

TLVTel Aviv⇆ Neos · Sun d'Or International Airlines 14/wk 36%on time 0%cancelled

BSBBrasília⇆ TAP Air Portugal 14/wk 55%on time 0%cancelled

BVABeauvais⇆ Ryanair 14/wk 47%on time 0%cancelled

CNFBelo Horizonte⇆ TAP Air Portugal 14/wk 48%on time 0%cancelled

DSSDakar⇆ TAP Air Portugal 14/wk 58%on time 0.6%cancelled

PHLPhiladelphia⇆ American Airlines 14/wk 75%on time 1.1%cancelled

DOHDoha⇆ Qatar Airways 13/wk 51%on time 0%cancelled

PIXPico Island⇆ Azores Airlines 12/wk 42%on time 4.5%cancelled

SSASalvador⇆ TAP Air Portugal 12/wk 46%on time 0%cancelled

STRStuttgart⇆ Eurowings 12/wk 51%on time 0.7%cancelled

BELBelém⇆ TAP Air Portugal 11/wk 53%on time 1.5%cancelled

EDIEdinburgh⇆ Ryanair 11/wk 47%on time 1.4%cancelled

NATNatal⇆ TAP Air Portugal 11/wk 57%on time 2.1%cancelled

AUHAbu Dhabi⇆ Etihad Airways 10/wk 51%on time 0%cancelled

ORDChicago⇆ TAP Air Portugal 10/wk 45%on time 0%cancelled

RTMRotterdam⇆ Transavia 10/wk 54%on time 1.6%cancelled

YHZHalifax⇆ WestJet 10/wk 54%on time 4.6%cancelled

LADLuanda⇆ TAAG Angola Airlines · TAP Air Portugal 9/wk 46%on time 0%cancelled

SFOSan Francisco⇆ TAP Air Portugal 9/wk 47%on time 0%cancelled

OXBBissau⇆ EuroAtlantic Airways · TAP Air Portugal 8/wk 46%on time 3.1%cancelled

TMSSão Tomé⇆ STP Airways · TAP Air Portugal 8/wk 51%on time 6%cancelled

BEGBelgrade⇆ Air Serbia 8/wk 57%on time 0%cancelled

LAXLos Angeles⇆ TAP Air Portugal 8/wk 46%on time 0%cancelled

LPAGran Canaria Island⇆ TAP Air Portugal 8/wk 46%on time 0%cancelled

MLAValletta⇆ Ryanair 8/wk 53%on time 0%cancelled

TFSTenerife⇆ TAP Air Portugal 8/wk 48%on time 0%cancelled

DJEDjerba⇆ Nouvelair · TAP Air Portugal 7/wk 34%on time 0%cancelled

FLNFlorianópolis⇆ TAP Air Portugal 7/wk 49%on time 0%cancelled

POAPorto Alegre⇆ TAP Air Portugal 7/wk 54%on time 0%cancelled

RMOChişinău⇆ FLYONE 7/wk 54%on time 0%cancelled

ICNSeoul⇆ KOREAN AIR 6/wk 47%on time 0%cancelled

MPMMaputo⇆ TAP Air Portugal 6/wk 38%on time 0%cancelled

OTPBucharest⇆ Wizz Air Malta 6/wk 34%on time 0%cancelled

RIXRiga⇆ AirBaltic 6/wk 26%on time 0%cancelled

WMINowy Dwór Mazowiecki⇆ Ryanair 6/wk 54%on time 0%cancelled

HAJHannover⇆ Eurowings 5/wk 69%on time 0%cancelled

SOFSofia⇆ BULGARIA AIR 5/wk 66%on time 0%cancelled

TNGTangier→ Ryanair 5/wk 56%on time 0%cancelled

ALDFortaleza⇆ LATAM Brasil · TAP Air Portugal 4/wk 44%on time 0%cancelled

APFNaples⇆ Ryanair · TAP Air Portugal 4/wk 17%on time 0%cancelled

AGAAgadir⇆ Ryanair 4/wk 69%on time 1.9%cancelled

ALGAlgiers⇆ Airhub Airlines 4/wk 34%on time 0%cancelled

CLJCluj-Napoca⇆ Wizz Air Malta 4/wk 40%on time 2%cancelled

FLOFlorence⇆ TAP Air Portugal 4/wk 32%on time 0%cancelled

HGHHangzhou⇆ Beijing Capital Airlines 4/wk 56%on time 0%cancelled

KEFReykjavík⇆ Icelandair 4/wk 62%on time 0%cancelled

KRKKraków⇆ Ryanair 4/wk 45%on time 1.9%cancelled

POZPoznań⇆ Ryanair 4/wk 58%on time 0%cancelled

PSAPisa⇆ Ryanair 4/wk 35%on time 0%cancelled

SMAVila do Porto⇆ TAP Air Portugal 4/wk 58%on time 0%cancelled

VNOVilnius⇆ AirBaltic 4/wk 52%on time 0%cancelled

BFHCuritiba← TAP Air Portugal 3/wk –8 legs –

MCZMaceió⇆ EuroAtlantic Airways · TAP Air Portugal 2/wk 50%on time 0%cancelled

MIRMonastir⇆ Nouvelair 2/wk 50%on time 0%cancelled

PTPPointe-à-Pitre→ TAP Air Portugal 2/wk –7 legs –

TUNTunis⇆ Turpial Airlines 2/wk 54%on time 0%cancelled

ANKAnkara⇆ Pegasus Airlines 1/wk –16 legs –

BHMBirmingham⇆ Ryanair 1/wk –16 legs –

HRGHurghada← RED SEA 1/wk –5 legs –

MAOManaus⇆ TAP Air Portugal 1/wk –16 legs –

RSWFort Myers→ TAP Air Portugal 1/wk –1 legs –

■ ≥85% on time ■ 70–84% ■ 55–69% ■ <55% cancelled: amber ≥2%, red ≥5% ⇆ flies both directions

Nonstop flights into Lisbon

125 of the 131 destinations above also fly nonstop into Lisbon, so the table covers both directions of each route. Inbound arrival times and live status are on the arrivals board, and each route row links to its own route page with the paired schedule history.

4 routes appeared outbound only in the observed window; 2 routes appear inbound only. These are usually seasonal charter rotations or positioning patterns that the boards record separately.

LIS route map: where 131 nonstop routes go

LIS direct flights: questions travelers ask

How many direct flights does Lisbon have?

Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport currently has nonstop service to 131 destinations on 59 airlines, based on flights observed on the airport's own boards over the last 14 days. 125 of those routes operate in both directions.

Which direct route from Lisbon is most reliable?

Among routes with at least 20 observed legs in the last 90 days, Philadelphia (PHL) runs cleanest: 75% of flights within 15 minutes of schedule with a 1.1% cancellation rate.

Which airline flies the most nonstop routes from Lisbon?

TAP Air Portugal appears on 84 of the 131 nonstop routes we observed at LIS. The airline column in the route ledger lists every carrier observed on each route.

Where does this data come from?

From Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport's own departure and arrival boards, recorded continuously by Pro Flight Search. Reliability figures cover the last 90 days; the route list covers the last 14 days of observed service.

More nonstop guides

Raleigh-Durham (RDU) Chicago · Midway (MDW) Sarasota-Bradenton (SRQ) South Bend (SBN) Santa Barbara (SBA) Islip · Long Island (ISP) Cedar Rapids (CID) Monterey (MRY) Sacramento (SMF) Ontario (ONT) Knoxville (TYS) Madison (MSN)

Cite this data

Journalists, bloggers, and researchers may cite this page with attribution and a link to Pro Flight Search.

Suggested citation

Pro Flight Search: Lisbon (LIS) nonstop network and route reliability, measured from official airport boards.

Canonical URL

https://proflightsearch.com/direct-flights/lisbon-LIS

How we measure this →

Planning around LIS? Live airport delays · Weather delay risk map · Will a delayed flight be cancelled? · Do planes make up time in the air? · How we measure